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Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...

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Enhancing Osseointegration in Bone Cement Through Synergistic Biocomposite Formulations.

R Venket Ramanan1, R Sai Sharan1, V Nithish Kumar1

  • 1Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Campus, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu 603203 India.

Indian Journal of Orthopaedics
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Enhanced polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement with Zirconia, Collagen, and Calcium Phosphate shows improved mechanical strength and thermal stability. These advanced composites offer a promising solution for longer-lasting orthopedic implants and fewer complications.

Keywords:
Bone cementCalcium phosphate and collagenPMMAZirconia

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedic Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Conventional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement has limitations including poor wear resistance, aseptic loosening, and inadequate osteoconductivity.
  • These drawbacks can lead to implant failure and necessitate revision surgeries.
  • Developing enhanced bone cements is crucial for improving orthopedic implant outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement by incorporating Zirconia (ZrO₂), Collagen, and Calcium Phosphate (CaP).
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of these additives on the mechanical, thermal, and biological properties of PMMA bone cement.
  • To address the limitations of conventional PMMA bone cement for improved orthopedic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized three composite variants: PMMA-Zr-CaP (6:1:1), PMMA-Zr-Collagen (4:1:1), and PMMA-Zr-Collagen (2:1:1) using powder dispersion, in situ polymerization, and sintering.
  • Characterized materials using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TGA.
  • Evaluated mechanical properties (compressive strength, fracture toughness) and in vitro cytotoxicity.

Main Results:

  • Zirconia addition significantly increased compressive strength (25-30%) and fracture toughness (~28%) compared to unmodified PMMA.
  • Collagen and CaP incorporation enhanced bioactivity and osseointegration potential, indicated by increased surface roughness and porosity.
  • Improved thermal stability and a lower polymerization temperature (65-75°C) were observed. The PMMA-Zr-Collagen (4:1:1) formulation showed the highest cell viability (>85%).

Conclusions:

  • Incorporating ZrO₂, Collagen, and CaP into PMMA bone cement yields mechanically robust, thermally stable, and biologically active composites.
  • These enhanced PMMA bone cement formulations demonstrate potential for extending implant longevity.
  • The study presents a promising approach to reduce complications associated with traditional bone cement in orthopedic surgeries.