Evaluation of morphological findings in fire-related deaths: a retrospective study

Fire-related deaths are a significant global public health concern. Although most cases are accidental, some may involve suicide or homicide, making forensic autopsy essential for determining the cause of death. Variations in mortality rates between countries, along with the presence of soot residues and heat-related artifacts, can complicate postmortem interpretation. The classic cherry-pink skin discoloration is not consistently observed; therefore, detection of soot in the upper respiratory tract provides important evidence. This study aimed to evaluate the demographic, forensic, and pathological characteristics of fire-related deaths.

This retrospective study analyzed fire-related deaths subjected to autopsy at the Morgue Specialization Department of the Erzurum Group Presidency of the Forensic Medicine Institution between 2018 and 2024. Parameters assessed included age, sex, origin of the incident, seasonal distribution, location of the event, degree of burns, and indicators of vitality.

The majority of fire-related deaths were accidental and occurred predominantly in adult males. Most incidents took place in residential settings, with a higher frequency observed during the fall and winter seasons. Autopsy findings commonly revealed third- and fourth-degree burns, as well as soot deposition in the respiratory tract and associated pulmonary pathologies. In cases involving prolonged hospitalization, complications emerged as a major contributing factor to mortality.

Fire-related mortality is influenced not only by the extent and severity of burns but also by associated complications and characteristics of vulnerable populations. From a forensic medicine perspective, there is a need to develop fire safety policies and comprehensive strategies to reduce fire-related deaths.