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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Transporters01:31

Membrane Transporters

Transporters are essential membrane transport proteins with functions related to cell nutrition, homeostasis, communication, etc. Approximately 7% of all genes in the human genome code for transporters or transporter-related proteins.
Transporters are mainly composed of alpha-helices, built from bundles of ten or more helices traversing the plasma membrane. The solute-binding sites are located midway, where some of the helices are broken or distorted, making space for the binding site through...
Carrier-Mediated Transport01:06

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...
Active Transport01:14

Active Transport

Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
Primary active transporters, like Na+, K+ and -ATPase, directly utilize ATP to move ions across the membrane. These transporters play significant roles in various physiological processes. For instance, Na+, K+ and -ATPase maintain...
Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
The Significance of Membrane Transport01:44

The Significance of Membrane Transport

The transport of solutes across the cell membrane is essential for metabolic processes, like maintaining cell size and volume, generating the action potential, exchanging nutrients and gases, etc. Membrane transport can be either passive or active. It can be simple diffusion, facilitated, or mediated transport aided by transport proteins such as transporters and channels.
Transporters facilitate either an active or passive movement of solutes. They can allow a single-molecule transport down its...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Selection of Transporter-Targeted Inhibitory Nanobodies by Solid-Supported-Membrane (SSM)-Based Electrophysiology
09:12

Selection of Transporter-Targeted Inhibitory Nanobodies by Solid-Supported-Membrane (SSM)-Based Electrophysiology

Published on: May 3, 2021

Lysosome-Targeted Squaramide Anion Transporters.

Elba Feo1, Edward York1,2, Anthony Thai1

  • 1School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New squaramide anion transporters were synthesized and targeted to cancer cell lysosomes. The N,N-dimethylamine group enhanced cytotoxicity more than other targeting groups, showing promise for cancer therapy.

Keywords:
anion bindinganion transportlysosome‐targetingsquaramidessupramolecular chemistry

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Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
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Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane

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Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells
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Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells

Published on: February 21, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Selection of Transporter-Targeted Inhibitory Nanobodies by Solid-Supported-Membrane (SSM)-Based Electrophysiology
09:12

Selection of Transporter-Targeted Inhibitory Nanobodies by Solid-Supported-Membrane (SSM)-Based Electrophysiology

Published on: May 3, 2021

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
07:38

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane

Published on: March 30, 2015

Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells
11:05

Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells

Published on: February 21, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Cancer Biology
  • Molecular Pharmacology

Background:

  • Targeting specific organelles enhances the efficacy of cytotoxic agents against cancer cells.
  • Anion transporters are potential targets for cancer therapy.
  • Lysosomes are key organelles for cellular degradation and drug delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel squaramide anion transporters.
  • To append lysosome-targeting groups to these transporters.
  • To evaluate their cytotoxicity and subcellular localization in cancer cell lines.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of squaramide derivatives with N,N-dimethylamine and morpholine targeting groups.
  • Cell viability assays (e.g., MTT assay) to determine cytotoxicity.
  • Subcellular localization studies using fluorescence microscopy with anthracene-labeled compounds.

Main Results:

  • Squaramide transporters with the N,N-dimethylamine targeting group showed the highest cytotoxicity.
  • Cytotoxicity was observed despite lower transport activity compared to non-targeted controls.
  • Both targeting groups successfully directed compounds to lysosomes, with N,N-dimethylamine showing greater accumulation.

Conclusions:

  • Lysosome-targeting via N,N-dimethylamine enhances the anticancer activity of squaramide anion transporters.
  • The N,N-dimethylamine moiety represents a promising strategy for developing targeted cancer therapeutics.
  • Further investigation into the mechanism of action is warranted.