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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
What is an Electrochemical Gradient?01:26

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.The chemical gradient relies on differences in the abundance of a substance on the outside versus the inside of a cell and flows from areas of high to low ion concentration. In contrast, the electrical gradient revolves around an ion’s...
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...

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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Published on: August 12, 2013

Initiator-Driven In Situ Formation of Gradient Polymer Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries.

Chengyin Fu1, Nicolas Rospars1,2, Qi Zhang3

  • 1Battery Innovation Hub, Centre Suisse d'Électronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The choice of initiator significantly impacts polymer electrolytes in batteries. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) creates a gradient electrolyte, enhancing performance and cycle life in full cells compared to azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN).

Keywords:
Li metal batterygradient polymer electrolytein situ polymerizationinitiatorpolymer electrolyte

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • In situ polymerization for battery polymer electrolytes simplifies manufacturing and improves material contact.
  • Initiators like benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) are crucial for thermally induced free-radical polymerization.
  • The specific impact of different initiators on polymer electrolyte properties and battery performance remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the influence of different initiators on poly(vinylene carbonate) (PVC)-based polymer electrolytes.
  • To evaluate the effect of initiator choice on electrochemical performance in various battery cell formats.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of PVC-based polymer electrolytes using in situ polymerization with BPO and AIBN initiators.
  • Systematic investigation of initiator impact on polymer electrolyte properties.
  • Electrochemical performance testing in full battery cells (NMC622 cathode, Li metal anode).

Main Results:

  • Initiator type significantly affects polymer electrolyte properties and cell electrochemical performance.
  • BPO resulted in lower monomer conversion and a gradient polymer electrolyte in the cathode region.
  • The BPO-enabled gradient polymer electrolyte demonstrated superior Li+ transfer, dendrite suppression, and improved cycle life and rate capability compared to AIBN.

Conclusions:

  • A single-step in situ polymerization using BPO can create a gradient polymer electrolyte with enhanced properties.
  • This gradient electrolyte facilitates fast ion transport and mechanical stability, crucial for high-performance lithium metal batteries.
  • BPO is a superior initiator for developing advanced polymer electrolytes for demanding battery applications.