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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima
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Published on: August 12, 2018

Mitoception via the Metabokine GDF15 and Human Health.

Cynthia C Liu, Qiuhan Huang, Evan D Shaulson

    Biopsychosocial Science and Medicine
    |June 9, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) signals cellular energy gaps via mitoception, influencing brain responses like fatigue and anxiety to conserve energy. This process impacts health, well-being, and aging.

    Keywords:
    GDF15anxietybehaviorsbioenergeticsenergetic painfatiguemetaboceptionmitoceptionstress-disease cascade

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    Area of Science:

    • Cellular biology
    • Neuroscience
    • Metabolic regulation

    Background:

    • Organisms require precise control of cellular energy metabolism for survival.
    • Metaboception, a brain-directed process, monitors metabolic energy states.
    • Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) is identified as a key mediator in a specific metaboceptive pathway.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review evidence for the GDF15-mediated signaling cascade, termed mitoception.
    • To introduce the psychobiology of GDF15 and its role in cellular energy homeostasis.
    • To propose a GDF15-driven mitoception cascade model and its implications.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing scientific literature on GDF15, cellular stress, and interoception.
    • Analysis of the afferent and efferent signaling arms of the proposed mitoception cascade.
    • Integration of GDF15's role in cellular energy balance and systemic responses.

    Main Results:

    • Mitoception involves an afferent arm where cellular stress triggers GDF15 release due to an energy gap.
    • An efferent arm is initiated when GDF15 signals brainstem receptors, causing fatigue, anxiety, and neuroendocrine responses.
    • GDF15 signaling promotes systemic energy conservation and fuel mobilization.

    Conclusions:

    • The GDF15-mitoception cascade links cellular energy status to psychological and physiological stress responses.
    • This pathway influences allostasis, survival, and long-term health.
    • Understanding GDF15 psychobiology offers insights into disease risk, mental health, mood, resilience, well-being, and aging.