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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Propagation of Action Potentials01:23

Propagation of Action Potentials

The propagation of an action potential refers to the process by which a nerve impulse, or "action potential," travels along a neuron.
Neurons (nerve cells) have a resting membrane potential, with a slightly negative charge inside compared to outside. This is maintained by ion channels, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels, which control the flow of ions. When a stimulus, like a touch or a signal from another neuron, triggers the neuron, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to...
Action Potentials01:41

Action Potentials

Overview
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...
Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

An Experiment Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Robot-Assisted Multi-Joint Pointing Movements of the Lower Limb
05:25

An Experiment Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Robot-Assisted Multi-Joint Pointing Movements of the Lower Limb

Published on: June 7, 2024

Cortical Activity Associated With Phantom Leg Movements.

Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting, Cristian Pasluosta, Britta Meyer

    IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
    |June 9, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Amputees can control artificial limbs using electroencephalography (EEG) by generating distinct brain signals for phantom limb movements. This research advances brain-computer interfaces for prosthetic control.

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    Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

    An Experiment Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Robot-Assisted Multi-Joint Pointing Movements of the Lower Limb
    05:25

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    Published on: June 7, 2024

    Real-time Video Projection in an MRI for Characterization of Neural Correlates Associated with Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain
    11:29

    Real-time Video Projection in an MRI for Characterization of Neural Correlates Associated with Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain

    Published on: April 20, 2019

    Using Home-based, Remotely Supervised, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Phantom Limb Pain
    06:13

    Using Home-based, Remotely Supervised, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Phantom Limb Pain

    Published on: March 1, 2024

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Rehabilitation Science

    Background:

    • Amputees often experience phantom limb sensations, indicating continued neural activity.
    • Controlling prosthetic limbs with neural signals is a key goal in neuroprosthetics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the feasibility of using non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) to decode phantom limb movements in amputees.
    • To investigate the characteristics of movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) associated with phantom limb control.

    Main Methods:

    • Thirteen amputees performed isometric ankle plantar-flexions with phantom or intact limbs at different speeds.
    • EEG data were analyzed for MRCPs, focusing on temporal profiles and single-trial classification at electrode Cz.
    • Correlation analysis was performed between time since amputation and classification errors.

    Main Results:

    • Distinct MRCP morphologies were observed for different movement speeds and phantom versus intact limbs.
    • Classification errors increased with time since amputation when distinguishing phantom from intact limb tasks.
    • Time since amputation also correlated with movement speed classification errors during phantom limb trials.

    Conclusions:

    • Amputees retain the capacity to plan and attempt phantom limb movements at varying speeds.
    • MRCPs show potential for developing brain-computer interfaces for prosthetic control using single-electrode EEG.
    • Understanding neural adaptations post-amputation is crucial for effective prosthetic design.