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Related Concept Videos

Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
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Daily Negative Affect and Reaction Time Inconsistency in Emerging Adults: Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.

Lauren Alexandra Rutter1, Pei-Ying Chen2, Prabhvir Lakhan1

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States, 1 (812) 856-9953.

JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High within-person negative affect variability disrupts cognitive performance, increasing reaction time inconsistency in college students. These findings highlight emotional processes

Keywords:
anxietycognitiondepressionecological momentary assessmentemotionsinsomnianegative affectneuroticismquestionnairestress

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Anxiety and mood disorders are common in college students, marked by negative affect (NA) and cognitive impairments.
  • Within-person (WP) NA variability offers insights into emotional dynamics beyond average NA levels.
  • Cognitive variability, like reaction time (RT) inconsistency, is a key indicator of cognitive health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between WP NA variability and RT inconsistency in college students.
  • To explore the moderating effects of practice, neuroticism, insomnia, and sex on this relationship.

Main Methods:

  • Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) was used with 99 university students over 14 days.
  • Participants completed daily morning and evening assessments, including a cognitive task measuring RT inconsistency and self-reported NA.
  • Multilevel modeling analyzed WP NA fluctuations' impact on RT inconsistency, controlling for covariates.

Main Results:

  • Higher WP NA variability significantly predicted increased RT inconsistency (P=.007).
  • Male students showed lower RT inconsistency than female students (P=.049).
  • Practice effects were observed, with stronger associations between EMA sessions and RT inconsistency in the initial stages.

Conclusions:

  • Momentary NA fluctuations impact cognitive variability, especially during early cognitive task engagement.
  • Individual differences (sex, insomnia) and practice effects influence cognitive-affective associations.
  • EMA is valuable for studying cognitive-affective processes; interventions targeting NA may improve cognitive function in vulnerable populations.