Antimicrobial evaluation of jackfruit leaf extract (Artocarpus heterophyllus) using isothermal microcalorimetry and...

The antimicrobial potential of the ethanolic extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium) bacteria was evaluated using conventional microbiology and isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC). Conventional diffusion assays showed limited visible inhibition, likely due to poor diffusion of phenolic constituents, but IMC revealed that lag phase (λ), decreased maximum growth rate (μ_max), and reduced total heat production (Qₜ) were dependent on the extract concentration. MIC values estimated by IMC were lower than plate count MICs, indicating higher sensitivity to metabolic suppression. According to our results, isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) is a rapid and quantitative tool for evaluating antimicrobial activity and estimating antimicrobial efficacy.