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Related Concept Videos

Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests01:24

Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests

Renal function tests are crucial for assessing kidney health, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating the kidneys' efficiency in waste elimination, fluid balance, and electrolyte regulation. These tests offer critical insights into kidney function, even though routine measurements may appear normal until there is a significant decline in the glomerular filtration rate or GFR. Typically, signs of kidney impairment only become evident when the GFR falls to about 50% of its normal level.
Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment01:17

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment

Renal dysfunction significantly impairs the renal clearance of drugs, leading to potential complications in drug therapy. Renal failure, which can be caused by various factors, poses a significant challenge in the elimination of drugs from the body.
One condition associated with renal failure is uremia. Uremia is characterized by impaired glomerular filtration and fluid accumulation in the body. This condition hinders the renal clearance of drugs, resulting in drug accumulation and potential...
Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Serum Creatinine Concentration01:28

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Serum Creatinine Concentration

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be estimated from serum creatinine using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula or the chronic kidney disease–epidemiology collaboration (CKD–EPI) equation. Both methods are widely used in clinical practice to assess kidney function and guide treatment decisions.The MDRD equation does not require weight or height measurements and is normalized to the body surface area of 1.73 m², considered the average adult surface area. This equation is...
Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate01:25

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a critical indicator of kidney health, reflecting how well the kidneys filter blood. Changes in GFR can signal potential kidney impairment, necessitating accurate measurement methods to monitor kidney function effectively.Various molecules can serve as markers for GFR measurement, with the ideal marker meeting several specific criteria. It must freely filter at the glomerulus, avoid reabsorption or secretion by the renal tubules, remain unmetabolized, not...
Renal Clearance01:23

Renal Clearance

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a critical marker of kidney function, reflecting the efficiency of filtration by the glomeruli. Renal clearance of specific substances, such as inulin or creatinine, is commonly used to measure GFR.
Renal clearance refers to the volume of plasma cleared of a specific substance, such as creatinine, per unit of time. To measure clearance, urine samples are collected over a 24-hour period during each bladder voiding, followed by a single blood sample at the...
Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...

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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Developing a Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay to Measure Human Exposure to Environmental Pathogens
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Saliva as a diagnostic matrix for renal function.

Hemagiri Bommalaneni1, Sneha Chowdary Velakaturi2, Balaji Kasiralla3

  • 1Dr. Buddolla's Institute of Life Sciences (A unit of Dr. Buddolla's Research and Educational Society), Tirupati 517506, INDIA; Medical Laboratory Technology, Mohan Babu University (MBU), 517102, Tirupati.

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Saliva contains urea and creatinine, offering a non-invasive way to assess kidney function, especially in moderate to severe kidney disease. While promising for frequent monitoring, challenges like variability and standardization need addressing.

Keywords:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)Clinical chemistryCreatinineNon-invasive testingRenal biomarkersSalivaUrea

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Multiplexed Fluorescent Microarray for Human Salivary Protein Analysis Using Polymer Microspheres and Fiber-optic Bundles

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

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Published on: September 12, 2016

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Published on: October 10, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Renal function assessment relies on serum urea and creatinine, requiring venipuncture.
  • Blood tests are impractical for frequent monitoring, large-scale screening, and resource-limited settings.
  • Saliva presents a non-invasive alternative for detecting renal biomarkers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biochemical basis of salivary urea and creatinine.
  • To evaluate analytical methods and validation strategies for salivary renal biomarkers.
  • To discuss the clinical applications and limitations of saliva-based renal function testing.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of biochemical basis for salivary urea and creatinine.
  • Evaluation of analytical methodologies for saliva samples.
  • Synthesis of evidence from comparative serum-saliva studies.

Main Results:

  • Salivary urea and creatinine are detectable and correlate with serum levels in renal impairment.
  • Saliva may reflect systemic nitrogenous waste handling alterations in advanced kidney dysfunction.
  • Biological variability, low concentrations, and lack of standardization are key challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Saliva shows potential as a non-invasive biomarker for renal function, particularly in moderate-to-advanced dysfunction.
  • Translational feasibility requires addressing analytical and biological variability.
  • Saliva-based testing may complement, not replace, established serum assays in laboratory medicine.