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Related Concept Videos

RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells
10:06

Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells

Published on: April 26, 2017

Functional analysis of uPAR alternatively spliced isoforms.

Petra Kulíšková1, Ondřej Zapletal1, Lucie Ballonová2

  • 1Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.

Experimental Cell Research
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Alternative splicing of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) gene produces variants that are retained intracellularly. Exons 5 and 6 are critical for uPAR localization and function, suggesting therapeutic potential in modulating uPAR splicing.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is crucial for cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation.
  • Alternative splicing of the PLAUR gene generates uPAR isoforms, including ΔE5 and ΔE6, with unknown functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the localization and functional properties of uPAR variants (ΔE5, ΔE6) compared to membrane-bound uPAR (muPAR).
  • To determine the role of specific exons in uPAR localization and function.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of muPAR, ΔE5, and ΔE6 localization in cells.
  • PMA-induced differentiation assays to assess cell adhesion.
  • Functional analyses of vitronectin binding and α5β1 integrin interaction.

Main Results:

  • ΔE5 and ΔE6 isoforms were intracellularly retained, unlike muPAR, despite intact GPI-anchor sequences.
  • Only muPAR-expressing cells maintained adhesion during differentiation; ΔE5, ΔE6, and PLAUR-/- cells did not.
  • ΔE5 and ΔE6 failed to bind vitronectin or interact with α5β1 integrin, functionally resembling uPAR-deficient cells.

Conclusions:

  • Exons 5 and 6 are essential for correct uPAR localization and function.
  • Dysregulated PLAUR splicing may contribute to disease.
  • Modulating uPAR splicing presents a potential therapeutic strategy.