Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Bioavailability01:30

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Bioavailability

Modified-release (MR) dosage forms are designed to extend drug release over time, thereby maintaining stable plasma concentrations and reducing dosing frequency. However, their bioavailability is typically below 100% due to incomplete drug release and presystemic metabolism, and limitations in drug permeability across the gastrointestinal epithelium, all of which can restrict the fraction of the drug reaching systemic circulation. Consequently, studying the in vivo bioavailability of MR...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease01:29

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics01:22

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics

Drug release from modified-release dosage forms is designed to achieve specific therapeutic effects by controlling the rate and extent of drug release. The classification of these drug release systems is based on key pharmacokinetic assumptions: drug disposition follows first-order kinetics, drug release is the rate-limiting step in absorption, and the released drug is rapidly and completely absorbed.There are four major models of drug release patterns. The first model is the slow zero-order...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are employed to...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Predicting surfactant effects on drug permeation across hollow fiber membrane.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same author

Mastering particle size analysis: lessons, challenges, and future directions from the FDA-CRCG workshop.

AAPS open·2026
Same author

Transient pH film model for in vitro powder dissolution of weakly basic drugs into buffer and comparison to conventional film model.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same author

Reduced-Resistances Model for Enhanced Drug Permeation via a Solubilizing Receiver Medium: A Mechanistic Study with Hollow Fiber Membranes.

Molecular pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

Proceedings of the 2024 FDA-CRCG Workshop: Scientific and Regulatory Considerations for Assessment of Immunogenicity Risk for Generic Peptide and Oligonucleotide Drug Products.

The AAPS journal·2026
Same author

Prediction of Solvent Penetration Rate-Limited Release of Drug from Amorphous Solid Dispersion Discs of Various Geometries.

Molecular pharmaceutics·2026
Same journal

A "three-in-one" nose-to-brain delivery strategy: intranasal vancomycin spray achieves simultaneous clearance of pneumococcal colonization, bacteremia, and meningitis.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
Same journal

10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid /matrine deep eutectic solvent encapsulated in hyalurosomes for enhanced transdermal delivery and antioxidant efficacy.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
Same journal

Dual-trigger hyaluronic acid nanoprodrug incorporating a 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl linker for CD44-targeted and glutathione-responsive drug delivery.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
Same journal

Polymeric mixed micellar nanogel enhances dermal delivery and therapeutic efficacy of tofacitinib citrate.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
Same journal

Localized gold nanoparticles-mediated photothermal therapy for head and neck cancer: in vivo proof-of-concept.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
Same journal

Design and evaluation of a pump-free ultrasonic atomization-driven hollow microneedle array for transdermal drug delivery.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Ritonavir release from spherical amorphous solid dispersions: prediction and observation.

Shuaiqian Men1, Daniel Treffer2, James E Polli1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solvent penetration governs ritonavir (RTV) release from amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) particles. This study confirms solvent penetration rate transferability from discs to spheres, crucial for predicting drug release from RTV/PVPVA ASDs.

Keywords:
Amorphous solid dispersionDerivationDissolutionRate-limiting stepReleaseRitonavirSolvent penetration

More Related Videos

Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs
18:46

Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs

Published on: December 9, 2010

An Improved and High Throughput Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Micro-neutralization Assay
09:14

An Improved and High Throughput Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Micro-neutralization Assay

Published on: January 26, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs
18:46

Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs

Published on: December 9, 2010

An Improved and High Throughput Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Micro-neutralization Assay
09:14

An Improved and High Throughput Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Micro-neutralization Assay

Published on: January 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Solvent penetration is the rate-limiting step for ritonavir (RTV) release from amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) discs.
  • Poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVPVA) is used in RTV/PVPVA ASD formulations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the understanding of solvent penetration-controlled drug release from ASD discs to spherical ASD particles.
  • To validate the application of solvent penetration rates to spherical particle dissolution models.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of RTV/PVPVA ASD spherical particles (1-5 mm) using vacuum compression molding (VCM).
  • Measurement of solvent penetration rates (dd/dt) from discs using a microscope-enabled disc dissolution system (MeDDiS).
  • Dissolution studies of spherical particles under various conditions (small-volume and USP II).

Main Results:

  • Predicted dissolution profiles closely matched experimental data for spherical particles of different sizes and numbers.
  • Demonstrated the transferability of solvent penetration rate from discs to spherical ASD particles.
  • Confirmed solvent penetration as the primary driver for RTV/PVPVA ASD dissolution at low drug loadings.

Conclusions:

  • Solvent penetration rate is a transferable and geometric-independent parameter for RTV/PVPVA ASDs.
  • The developed model accurately predicts drug release from spherical ASD particles.
  • This work provides a foundation for optimizing ASD formulations for controlled drug delivery.