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Electron Transport Chains

The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

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Processes at Electrodes01:30

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The electrode interacts with ions in the electrolyte solution at its interface. The rate of oxidation and reduction depends on the speed at which electrons can transfer through this interface. As ions attach to or leave the electrode surface, the electrode acquires a charge, and an electrical potential forms across the interface, making the process more difficult to reach equilibrium. The charge on the electrode affects the local ion concentrations in the solution, though thermal motion...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
06:53

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: June 9, 2023

Intermetallic charge redistribution restructures the oxygen-bound intermediate network for efficient ethylene

Limin Liu1, Rongxin Xia2, Chen Deng3,4

  • 1Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.

Nature Communications
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Heteroatom doping in copper (Cu) catalysts precisely controls electronic structure for enhanced ethylene production from CO2. Aluminum (Al) doping in CuAl single-atom alloys (CuAlSA) optimizes intermediate pathways, significantly boosting ethylene selectivity.

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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
06:53

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: June 9, 2023

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Precise regulation of copper (Cu) surface electronic structure is crucial for C-C coupling and ethylene selectivity in CO2 electroreduction.
  • The role of heteroatom dopants in modulating oxygen-bound intermediates' flux remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a predictive framework for heteroatom doping effects on Cu catalysts.
  • To investigate how aluminum (Al) incorporation influences Cu electronic structure and CO2 electroreduction pathways.
  • To enhance ethylene selectivity via controlled doping in Cu-based single-atom alloys.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a predictive framework based on dopant element electron orbital characteristics.
  • Synthesis and characterization of CuAl single-atom alloys (CuAlSA).
  • In situ Raman spectroscopy to monitor reaction intermediates and C-C bond formation.

Main Results:

  • p-orbital metal doping, specifically Al, facilitates favorable orbital hybridization with Cu active centers.
  • Al doping in CuAlSA induces lattice expansion and d-band center downshifting, optimizing d-p orbital proximity.
  • The optimized CuAlSA demonstrated a low C-C coupling energy barrier, promoting C-C bond formation and ethylene selectivity.
  • CuAlSA achieved 78.8% ethylene Faraday efficiency under pure CO2 and 70.2% under 15% CO2.

Conclusions:

  • A strategy for directing oxygen-bound intermediates in CO2-to-C2H4 electrosynthesis is established.
  • Al doping in Cu serves as an effective method to tune electronic properties and enhance ethylene production.
  • The predictive framework provides insights for designing advanced catalysts for selective CO2 reduction.