Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
07:23

Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Published on: March 26, 2020

Retinal arteriovenous oxygen saturation difference is inversely associated with cardiac output measured by

Tomáš Křivohlavý1,2, Martin Lada3, Martin Malý4

  • 1Department of Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Military University Hospital Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. tomas.krivohlavy@email.cz.

Scientific Reports
|June 9, 2026
PubMed

Keywords:
Cardiac outputEchocardiographyPilot studyRetinal oximetryRetinal oxygen saturationSystemic haemodynamics

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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
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