Splicing regulation by RS2Z36 controls ovary patterning and fruit growth in tomato

Fruit growth is mediated by cell division and expansion. In tomato, the model for fleshy fruit development, both processes are tightly linked to changes in gene expression, including transcriptional regulation and RNA processing. While several transcription factors are implicated in fruit developmental programs, the role of splicing regulators remains largely unexplored. Expression profiling of splicing-related genes revealed expression patterns. The serine/arginine-rich splicing factor RS2Z36 is expressed in ovaries and during early fruit development. Loss-of-function mutations in RS2Z36 result in ovaries with altered patterning and in smaller, ellipsoid fruits. rs2z36 mutants display elongated pericarp cells along the longitudinal axis of pre-anthesis ovaries, indicating that RS2Z36-dependent expansion patterns are established before anthesis. Based on RNA-seq analysis we identified 230 genes with altered splicing profile in ovaries of rs2z36.1 compared to WT and 235 differentially expressed genes. Proteome analysis further revealed several differentially abundant isoforms, including several cell wall proteins and modifiers that might be involved in ovary patterning and fruit growth. In addition, rs2z36-1 pericarps show increased deposition of LM6-recognized arabinan and AGP epitopes. Together, these findings identify RS2Z36 as a regulator of ovary and fruit development and highlight a previously underappreciated role for splicing control in shaping early fruit morphology.