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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols01:21

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns01:29

Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns

Microorganisms exhibit diverse oxygen requirements and growth patterns driven by their metabolic strategies and environmental adaptations. Oxygen, while essential for many organisms, can also be toxic under certain conditions, shaping how microorganisms grow and survive.Oxygen Requirements of MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are classified based on their ability to use or tolerate oxygen:● Obligate aerobes like Mycobacterium tuberculosis need oxygen for energy production, as it serves as the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance
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Published on: April 27, 2018

Entropy-Enabled Stabilization and Activity Enhancement of Ruthenium Oxides for Acidic Oxygen Evolution.

Xue Yao1, Linke Huang1, Yutong Liu1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

High-entropy design enhances the stability of ruthenium oxide catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). A novel RuMnFeNiCuO2 catalyst shows superior activity and durability compared to RuO2 in acidic media.

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Published on: August 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Achieving high activity and stability in acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is challenging.
  • Ruthenium oxide (RuO2) is a benchmark OER catalyst but faces stability limitations.
  • Quantitative stability descriptors are needed for rational catalyst design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-entropy design strategy for stable and active acidic OER catalysts.
  • To identify a novel high-entropy oxide catalyst with enhanced performance.
  • To establish a generalizable framework for designing next-generation energy conversion materials.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Pourbaix decomposition free energy (ΔGpbx) as a stability descriptor.
  • Employed machine-learning-assisted density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
  • Synthesized and experimentally validated the predicted high-entropy oxide catalyst (RuMnFeNiCuOx).

Main Results:

  • Identified an idealized high-entropy oxide (RuMnFeNiCuO2) with significantly reduced ΔGpbx.
  • Computational analysis revealed modulated Ru-O bonding and diversified electronic structures in the high-entropy catalyst.
  • The synthesized RuMnFeNiCuOx catalyst demonstrated a low overpotential (196 mV at 10 mA cm-2) and excellent stability (2% activity loss after 1000 CV cycles).

Conclusions:

  • High-entropy design, guided by ΔGpbx, effectively enhances the electrochemical stability of RuO2-based OER catalysts.
  • The novel RuMnFeNiCuOx catalyst outperforms pristine RuO2 in both activity and durability.
  • This work provides a generalizable strategy for designing stable and high-performance catalysts for energy conversion applications.