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Related Concept Videos

Quality of Water01:19

Quality of Water

In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
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Contamination of food by microbial agents and natural toxins poses significant risks to public health. These hazards can be introduced at various points across the food supply chain, ranging from environmental sources to processing and storage stages. Understanding these contamination pathways is critical for developing strategies to ensure food safety.Seafood is particularly vulnerable to contamination through both environmental exposure and microbial colonization. Toxins from harmful algal...
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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
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Freshwater Microbial Ecology

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Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...

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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Concentration of Virus Particles from Environmental Water and Wastewater Samples Using Skimmed Milk Flocculation and Ultrafiltration
10:53

Concentration of Virus Particles from Environmental Water and Wastewater Samples Using Skimmed Milk Flocculation and Ultrafiltration

Published on: March 17, 2023

Trace Element Contamination in Water and Associated Health Risks: Rara and Ghodaghodi Ramsar Lakes, Nepal.

Rita Bhatta1,2, Smriti Gurung2, Rajendra Joshi1

  • 1Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal.

Environmental Toxicology
|June 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trace element concentrations in Nepal

Keywords:
carcinogenic and non‐carcinogenic health risk indexenrichment factormetal indexpotential ecological risk indexwetlands

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Extraction and Detection of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Water and Fish using High-Capacity Sorptive Extraction Probes and GC-MS

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Concentration of Virus Particles from Environmental Water and Wastewater Samples Using Skimmed Milk Flocculation and Ultrafiltration
10:53

Concentration of Virus Particles from Environmental Water and Wastewater Samples Using Skimmed Milk Flocculation and Ultrafiltration

Published on: March 17, 2023

Extraction and Detection of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Water and Fish using High-Capacity Sorptive Extraction Probes and GC-MS
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Extraction and Detection of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Water and Fish using High-Capacity Sorptive Extraction Probes and GC-MS

Published on: July 3, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Ecotoxicology

Background:

  • Ramsar sites Rara and Ghodaghodi in western Nepal are vital wetlands.
  • Understanding trace element levels and associated risks is crucial for conservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate trace element concentrations in Lakes Rara and Ghodaghodi.
  • To assess the ecological and human health risks associated with these elements.

Main Methods:

  • Water samples collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons.
  • Analyzed 12 trace elements using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).
  • Calculated Enrichment Factor (EF), Metal Index (MI), and ecological/health risk indices.

Main Results:

  • Iron and aluminum were the most abundant trace elements.
  • Ghodaghodi showed significant enrichment of Cr, Ni, Zn, As, and Cd; Rara showed enrichment of As and Cd.
  • No significant ecological or non-carcinogenic health risks were identified.

Conclusions:

  • While ecological and non-carcinogenic risks are low, carcinogenic risks from As, Cd, Pb, and Cr exist via ingestion.
  • Management strategies should consider potential risks, especially from ingestion pathways.