Global search metaheuristics for neural mass model calibration

Neural mass models (NMMs) are often used to help understand the circuitry that underpins observed brain dynamics in basic and clinical research. A key step is to fuse models with data so that model parameter values can be inferred for a given data set-a process called model fitting or model calibration. This can shed light on putative physiological mechanisms underlying the observed signals. Calibration is notoriously challenging in biology since models are often non-identifiable, high-dimensional, and nonlinear. Established methods such as dynamic causal modelling (DCM) circumvent some of these issues, for example, by incorporating prior information and employing fast local search methods in the space of feasible parameter values ("parameter space"). However, it is pertinent to better understand the potential limitations of these methods so that we can increase our confidence in the use of models to interpret brain activity, and to develop new approaches as required. Here, we use tools from dynamical systems theory to illustrate some of the complexities of model calibration in an archetypal NMM. We use this information to motivate the use of calibration methods that work across large regions of parameter space, rather than focusing on informative priors or localised search methods. We subsequently evaluate the performance of approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) and evolutionary search metaheuristics (ESMs) for mapping feasible sets of parameters for which an NMM can recreate electroencephalographic recordings during an eyes-closed resting state. Our results demonstrate the superiority of ESMs in terms of computational efficiency and accuracy. Furthermore, we elucidate potential reasons why ESMs are able to perform better than ABC, that is, that they are less susceptible to biases induced by the complexity of underlying cost landscapes. These results highlight the importance of incorporating ESMs in future efforts to model brain dynamics.