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Related Concept Videos

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
Consider the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates, whereas Fe2+...
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
10:03

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

Oxidative Stability and Redox Coupling in 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) f‑Element Complexes under Acidic Conditions.

Jeffrey R McLachlan1,2, Amanda K Fellinge1,3, Andrae A Tabbs1,2

  • 1Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.

ACS Electrochemistry
|June 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The redox chemistry of 3,4,3-LI-(1,2-HOPO) chelators and their metal complexes was investigated. Metal coordination stabilizes the ligand against oxidation, and oxygen was identified as the oxidant for certain f-element complexes.

Keywords:
3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO)actinideselectrochemistryf-Elementslanthanidesvoltammetry

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Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides
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Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides

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Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures
09:16

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures

Published on: November 7, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
10:03

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Published on: November 11, 2013

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides
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Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides

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Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures
09:16

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures

Published on: November 7, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Radiochemistry

Background:

  • 3,4,3-LI-(1,2-HOPO) is a key chelator for f-element ions, crucial in radiopharmaceuticals and actinide decorporation.
  • The intrinsic redox behavior of the ligand and metal-ligand influence remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the electrochemical properties of uncoordinated 3,4,3-LI-(1,2-HOPO) and its metal complexes.
  • To elucidate the redox mechanisms and the impact of metal coordination on ligand stability.

Main Methods:

  • Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the redox behavior in acidic aqueous media.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to analyze electronic structure and redox potentials.
  • Electrochemical studies were performed on complexes with La(III), Th(IV), Zr(IV), and Ce(IV/III).

Main Results:

  • The free ligand undergoes pH-dependent, irreversible oxidation.
  • Metal coordination significantly suppresses ligand oxidation, shifting potentials anodically by 0.2-0.5 V.
  • A pH-dependent reduction mechanism was observed in the Ce(IV/III) system, distinguishing ligand- and metal-centered processes.
  • Oxygen was identified as the oxidant for Ce(III) and likely Bk(III) complexes.

Conclusions:

  • Established quantitative principles for predicting ligand oxidative stability in f-element complexes.
  • Developed a framework for distinguishing ligand- and metal-centered redox processes.
  • Resolved mechanistic ambiguity regarding the oxidation of certain f-element complexes.