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Updated: Jun 11, 2026
08:27
A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement
Published on: February 22, 2022
Changing Faces: Match Rates and Demographic Shifts in Cardiothoracic Training Programs
Michelle Burmistrova1, Alice Zhou2, Alexandra A Rizaldi2
1Albany Medical College, Albany, New York.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery Short Reports
|June 10, 2026
Summary
Integrated (I6) fellowship programs show increasing racial diversity and rising match rates, unlike traditional programs. Women are increasingly represented in both, highlighting the need for continued efforts to boost trainee diversity.
Area of Science:
- Medical Education
- Surgical Training
- Diversity in Medicine
Background:
- Fellowship programs are crucial for advanced medical training.
- Understanding demographic trends in these programs is vital for equity.
- Integrated (I6) and traditional fellowship structures may influence trainee diversity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze trends in racial and gender composition of integrated (I6) and traditional fellowship programs.
- To examine the association between demographic shifts and match rates in these programs.
- To assess diversity in cardiothoracic surgery fellowship training pathways.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of National Residency Matching Program and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education data (2011-2022).
- Time series analyses (Mann-Kendall, Bayesian trend, ARIMA) for demographic shifts.
- Dirichlet regression to assess the relationship between match rates and demographic trends.
Main Results:
- Integrated (I6) programs saw significant increases in Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and Black trainees, while White trainees decreased.
- Traditional fellowships maintained stable racial compositions.
- Women trainees increased in both pathways, with projected 50% representation by 2035 (I6) and 2046 (traditional).
- Match rates declined in traditional fellowships but rose in I6 programs.
Conclusions:
- Integrated (I6) programs have become more racially diverse over the past decade.
- Women's representation is increasing in both integrated and traditional fellowship pathways.
- Continued efforts are essential to enhance access and diversity within cardiothoracic surgery training.
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