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Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Lepr^db Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Published on: May 11, 2015

[Diabetes mellitus: new insights and developments].

S T Jagroep¹, D H van Raalte², E W Meesters³

¹The Department of Vascular Medicine of the Amsterdam UMC in Amsterdam and the Department of Internal Medicine of the Spaarne Gasthuis in Hoofddorp, the Netherlands.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Tandheelkunde

|June 10, 2026

Summary

Over 1.2 million people in the Netherlands have diabetes mellitus, with type 2 diabetes being most common. Recent advancements offer personalized treatments, including insulin pumps and new medications, improving diabetes management.

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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Published on: January 7, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Lepr^db Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Published on: May 11, 2015

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Published on: January 7, 2018

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Metabolic Disorders
Public Health

Background:

Diabetes mellitus affects over 1.2 million individuals in the Netherlands, with type 2 diabetes being highly prevalent.
Type 2 diabetes often co-occurs with metabolic conditions like obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, kidney disease, and oral health issues such as periodontitis.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight recent advancements in diabetes mellitus treatment.
To emphasize the growing personalization in glucose-lowering medication selection and sequencing.

Main Methods:

Review of current diabetes treatment strategies.
Focus on technological integration in diabetes care, such as insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring sensors.
Analysis of the role of novel pharmacological agents in diabetes management.

Main Results:

Technological integration, including insulin pumps with continuous glucose monitoring, allows for more precise and automated insulin delivery.
Personalized medication choices are becoming standard, with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists showing significant therapeutic roles.

Conclusions:

Modern diabetes care is increasingly personalized and technologically advanced.
Newer medications and devices are improving the management of diabetes mellitus and its associated comorbidities.