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Related Concept Videos

Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.
Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures02:46

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.

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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
08:42

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

Single-Crystalline Twelve-Connected Nanographene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Saber Mirzaei1, M Saeed Mirzaei1,2, Mei-Yan Gao1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed new covalent organic frameworks (COFs) using a nanographene building block. These highly porous materials exhibit unprecedented network topologies and record-breaking surface areas for COFs.

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
08:42

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

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Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures
08:40

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Published on: May 15, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Reticular chemistry enables complex crystalline frameworks from molecular building blocks.
  • Designing novel architectures requires precise control over molecular geometry and connectivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel three-dimensional imine-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) using a functionalized nanographene.
  • To explore new network topologies and high porosity in COFs.

Main Methods:

  • Design and synthesis of a dodeca-benzaldehyde-functionalized nanographene (HBC-LA12).
  • Reticulation of HBC-LA12 with triangular prismatic and square-planar linkers to form imine-linked COFs (COF-612 and COF-412).
  • Structural characterization and gas-sorption analysis of the resulting COFs.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of two single-crystalline 3D imine-linked COFs, COF-612 and COF-412.
  • Realization of unprecedented (3,6,6)-connected (kez) and (3,4,6)-connected (cez) network topologies in COFs.
  • Achieved permanent porosity with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas exceeding 5000 m² g⁻¹.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrated the incorporation of nanographenes into 3D imine-linked COFs.
  • Reported the highest-connectivity single-crystalline COFs with novel network topologies.
  • Achieved the highest porosity reported to date for covalent organic frameworks.