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Psychospiritual Interventions for Blood Pressure Control in Adults with Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis and
Lia Mulyati1,2, Arif Setyo Upoyo3
1Doctoral Program in Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia.
Abstract:
Hypertension often remains inadequately controlled despite pharmacological therapy, indicating the influence of multidimensional factors on blood pressure regulation. Psychological and spiritual processes contribute to stress regulation and adaptive coping; however, quantitative synthesis of psychospiritual interventions within holistic nursing remains limited. This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of psychospiritual interventions on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in adults with hypertension. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines using databases covering 2000-2025. Twelve studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, with six studies analyzed for SBP and five for DBP. Psychospiritual interventions were associated with a significant reduction in SBP (SMD = -0.91; 95% CI: -1.54 to -0.29; p = .004), but not DBP (SMD = -0.20; 95% CI: -0.77 to 0.36; p = .48). Findings support psychospiritual interventions as complementary non-pharmacological strategies consistent with holistic nursing approaches to hypertension management.
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