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Related Concept Videos

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to the...
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and the...
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere
08:52

Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

Published on: April 30, 2018

Correction method for cloud temperature retrieval combining rotational Raman, vibrational Raman, and elastic

Siying Chen, Xinyu Yan, He Chen

    Applied Optics
    |June 10, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a novel Raman lidar method to accurately measure atmospheric temperature within clouds. By correcting for signal interference, it significantly improves temperature retrieval accuracy, even in challenging thick-cloud conditions.

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    Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere
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    Published on: April 30, 2018

    An Introduction to Processing, Fitting, and Interpreting Transient Absorption Data
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    Published on: February 16, 2024

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Science
    • Remote Sensing
    • Lidar Technology

    Background:

    • Raman lidar is crucial for atmospheric temperature detection.
    • Thick clouds compromise in-cloud temperature retrieval accuracy due to signal leakage.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a four-channel joint-retrieval method for correcting in-cloud temperature measurements.
    • To enhance the accuracy of Raman lidar temperature retrievals under cloudy conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a four-channel approach combining rotational Raman (RR), vibrational Raman (VR), and elastic scattering signals.
    • Employed the leakage-immune VR signal to calculate crosstalk coefficients for RR channels.
    • Validated the method using simulations and observational data, comparing it with radiosonde and existing techniques.

    Main Results:

    • Reduced mean absolute error (MAE) to within 1 K compared to radiosonde data in cloudy regions.
    • Lowered root mean square error (RMSE) by over 86.34% compared to uncorrected retrievals.
    • Achieved a 37.78% RMSE reduction compared to existing methods and provided continuous spatiotemporal temperature data.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed four-channel joint-retrieval method effectively corrects for signal biases in cloudy conditions.
    • This technique significantly enhances the accuracy and continuity of atmospheric temperature measurements using Raman lidar.
    • Calibrated crosstalk coefficients offer reliable corrections for RR signals across different observation periods.