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Development and Application of the Paced Bottle-Feeding Checklist

Taylor N Richardson1, Melissa C Kay2, Alison K Ventura3

  • 1College of Nursing, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.

Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
|June 10, 2026
PubMed

Insights

The paced bottle-feeding (PBF) Checklist is reliable for assessing feeding practices. Higher PBF adherence was linked to increased family income and less reliance on federal assistance programs.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infant Nutrition
  • Clinical Assessment Tools

Background:

  • Bottle-feeding is common, but optimal techniques are not always followed.
  • Paced bottle-feeding (PBF) aims to mimic breastfeeding dynamics.
  • Standardized tools are needed to assess PBF adherence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the Paced Bottle-Feeding (PBF) Checklist.
  • To evaluate the preliminary reliability and validity of the PBF Checklist.
  • To examine associations between PBF adherence, feeding practices, and sociodemographic factors.

Main Methods:

  • Interrater reliability of the PBF coding scheme was assessed using intraclass correlations.
  • Data were analyzed from a within-subject experimental study of mother-infant feeding interactions.
  • General linear models identified associations between PBF scores and key variables.

Main Results:

  • Coders demonstrated good interrater reliability (intraclass correlation = 0.81).
  • PBF scores were significantly higher during the PBF condition compared to typical bottle-feeding (P = 0.01).
  • Higher PBF scores correlated with higher family income (P = 0.009) and non-participation in federal assistance programs (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • The PBF Checklist is a practical tool for clinical settings.
  • It facilitates tailored education for families practicing bottle-feeding.
  • Future research should investigate the PBF Checklist's impact on infant growth and its applicability to diverse caregivers.
Abstract

Keywords:
bottle feedingfeeding behaviorinfant foodparent-child relations

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