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Development and Application of the Paced Bottle-Feeding Checklist.
Taylor N Richardson1, Melissa C Kay2, Alison K Ventura3
1College of Nursing, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.
Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
|June 10, 2026
Summary
The paced bottle-feeding (PBF) Checklist is reliable for assessing feeding practices. Higher PBF adherence was linked to increased family income and less reliance on federal assistance programs.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Infant Nutrition
- Clinical Assessment Tools
Background:
- Bottle-feeding is common, but optimal techniques are not always followed.
- Paced bottle-feeding (PBF) aims to mimic breastfeeding dynamics.
- Standardized tools are needed to assess PBF adherence.
Purpose of the Study:
- To characterize the Paced Bottle-Feeding (PBF) Checklist.
- To evaluate the preliminary reliability and validity of the PBF Checklist.
- To examine associations between PBF adherence, feeding practices, and sociodemographic factors.
Main Methods:
- Interrater reliability of the PBF coding scheme was assessed using intraclass correlations.
- Data were analyzed from a within-subject experimental study of mother-infant feeding interactions.
- General linear models identified associations between PBF scores and key variables.
Main Results:
- Coders demonstrated good interrater reliability (intraclass correlation = 0.81).
- PBF scores were significantly higher during the PBF condition compared to typical bottle-feeding (P = 0.01).
- Higher PBF scores correlated with higher family income (P = 0.009) and non-participation in federal assistance programs (P < 0.001).
Conclusions:
- The PBF Checklist is a practical tool for clinical settings.
- It facilitates tailored education for families practicing bottle-feeding.
- Future research should investigate the PBF Checklist's impact on infant growth and its applicability to diverse caregivers.
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