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[Effectiveness of breathing exercises compared to audio signals to improve sleep]
D E Shumov1,2, D S Sveshnikov2, A E Khuurak2
1Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia.
Objective:
To compare the effectiveness of three non-pharmacological interventions - binaural beats (BB) combined with suggestive instructions (SI), diaphragmatic breathing (DB), and BB combined with DB - for improving sleep, with consideration of sex differences among participants.
Material And Methods:
The study included 217 healthy participants. Each participant completed four tasks in randomized order on separate nights before bedtime: (1) BB+SI, (2) DB, (3) BB+DB, and (4) monotonous sound without beats as a control (imitation, IM). Sleep latency (SL) was measured using a smartphone screen-touch test. Statistical analyses of SL values were conducted by task and sex factors.
Results:
Analysis revealed a statistically significant effect of the task factor on sleep latency (SL) (p<0.05). Post-hoc comparisons showed that the DB task significantly reduced mean SL compared to IM for the overall group (p<0.05). Additionally, a significant decrease in mean SL following the BB+SI intervention was observed in females compared to IM (p<0.05). No statistically significant changes were found in males.
Conclusions:
The findings confirm the effectiveness of deep diaphragmatic breathing (DB) and suggestive instructions (SI) combined with binaural beats (BB) as non-pharmacological interventions for improving sleep in a large sample. The SI combined with BB demonstrated efficacy exclusively in females.
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