Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A clinically deployed dual-compartment biochemical monitoring platform for human liver perfusion.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Improving multimodal wearable sensing for healthcare with artificial intelligence.

Nature biotechnology·2026

Same author

Integrated Electrochemical Aptasensor-Polymer Inclusion Membrane Platform for Detecting Oxytetracycline in Raw Milk.

ACS sensors·2026

Same author

Chemically Selective Nanoelectrode Arrays for Real-Time, Parallel Neurotransmitter and Electrical Recording.

Small science·2026

Same author

Light-switchable swarming of biohybrid microrobots.

Science advances·2026

Same author

A STING-adjuvanted outer membrane vesicle nanoparticle vaccine vs. <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> elicits broad capsule-type cross-protection.

PNAS nexus·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Published on: December 1, 2017

Translational bottlenecks for biohybrid microrobots.

Liangfang Zhang¹, Joseph Wang¹

¹Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

Science Robotics

|June 10, 2026

Summary

Biohybrid microrobots are advancing quickly. This study examines the key challenges hindering their translation into clinical applications, focusing on overcoming current limitations.

More Related Videos

Manipulation of Single Neural Stem Cells and Neurons in Brain Slices using Robotic Microinjection

Manipulation of Single Neural Stem Cells and Neurons in Brain Slices using Robotic Microinjection

Published on: January 21, 2021

Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Published on: December 3, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Published on: December 1, 2017

Manipulation of Single Neural Stem Cells and Neurons in Brain Slices using Robotic Microinjection

Manipulation of Single Neural Stem Cells and Neurons in Brain Slices using Robotic Microinjection

Published on: January 21, 2021

Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Published on: December 3, 2015

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Robotics
Materials Science

Background:

Biohybrid microrobots integrate biological components with engineered systems.
Recent technological progress has accelerated their development.
Clinical translation remains a significant hurdle.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and analyze the primary barriers preventing the clinical application of biohybrid microrobots.
To provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges in translating microrobot technology.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent advancements in biohybrid microrobots.
Analysis of existing research on microrobot development and testing.
Identification of regulatory, technical, and biological challenges.

Main Results:

Key barriers include biocompatibility, control, scalability, and regulatory approval.
Current designs face limitations in in vivo navigation and payload delivery.
Manufacturing and long-term stability are critical concerns.

Conclusions:

Overcoming these barriers is essential for realizing the therapeutic potential of biohybrid microrobots.
Further interdisciplinary research is needed to address technical and biological challenges.
Standardized testing and regulatory frameworks are crucial for clinical adoption.