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Urogenital congenital anomalies in children under 9 years: global disease burden analysis and projections, 1990-2021

Sheng Gong1, Jianming Zhu1, Guoping Jiang1

  • 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital of Ningbo University, Zhejiang, PR China.

Jornal De Pediatria
|June 10, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Global urogenital congenital anomalies (UGCAs) burden shows declining mortality but stable incidence and prevalence. The study highlights increasing concentration of UGCAs in low-resource regions, underscoring persistent health inequalities.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Health
  • Global Health Epidemiology
  • Congenital Malformations

Background:

  • Urogenital congenital anomalies (UGCAs) are significant causes of early-life morbidity and mortality, especially in low-resource settings.
  • These conditions encompass congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and external genital malformations.
  • Addressing the global burden of UGCAs is critical for improving child survival and long-term health outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the global burden, temporal trends, regional disparities, and future projections of UGCAs in children under 9 years.
  • Utilize the comprehensive Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 dataset for robust analysis.
  • Identify key demographic and regional factors influencing UCGA prevalence and mortality.

Main Methods:

  • Employed GBD 2021 data to estimate incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs for children aged 0-8 years.
  • Conducted stratified analyses by sex, age, Socio-demographic Index (SDI), region, and country.
  • Utilized ARIMA and Holt-Winters models for future trend projections, presenting estimates with 95% uncertainty intervals.

Main Results:

  • Global age-standardized incidence and prevalence rates remained stable from 1990-2021, while mortality and DALY rates declined.
  • In 2021, there were over 2 million incident cases and 3.3 million prevalent cases of UGCAs.
  • The burden is increasingly concentrated in low-SDI regions, with Southern Sub-Saharan Africa showing rising mortality; CAKUT was the predominant subtype.

Conclusions:

  • Despite global declines in mortality and DALYs from UGCAs, significant regional inequalities persist.
  • The growing burden in low-SDI regions necessitates targeted interventions and strengthened healthcare systems.
  • Future projections indicate continued mortality decline, with stable incidence and prevalence rates globally.
Abstract

Keywords:
Age-standardized ratesDALYsDeathsProjectionsSDIUrogenital congenital anomalies

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