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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response
06:31

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Published on: October 3, 2019

Patch Testing in Paediatric Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications.

Gabriele Simonetti1,2, Francesco Catamerò1,2, Giulia Liccioli2

  • 1Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.

Contact Dermatitis
|June 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Patch testing (PT) is a safe tool for investigating pediatric drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs), especially severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Its diagnostic value varies by drug class, with lower sensitivity for antibiotics but higher rates for antiepileptic drugs.

Keywords:
SCARschildrendiagnosisdrug allergypatch test

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Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity
10:22

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Published on: September 16, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response
06:31

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response

Published on: October 3, 2019

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity
10:22

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Published on: September 16, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are common and challenging to diagnose in children, often presenting with skin issues.
  • Patch testing (PT) is established for delayed T-cell reactions in contact dermatitis, but its utility in pediatric DHRs is not well-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the role and diagnostic yield of patch testing (PT) in diagnosing drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) in pediatric patients.
  • To assess the safety and effectiveness of PT in various clinical scenarios and drug classes within the pediatric population.

Main Methods:

  • Review of available data on patch testing (PT) for pediatric drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs).
  • Analysis of PT safety, diagnostic yield, and limitations across different drug classes (e.g., antibiotics, antiepileptics, NSAIDs) and clinical presentations.
  • Consideration of methodological heterogeneity and pediatric-specific data limitations.

Main Results:

  • Patch testing (PT) is generally safe for pediatric DHRs, particularly when drug provocation testing is contraindicated (e.g., severe cutaneous adverse reactions).
  • Diagnostic yield varies significantly; sensitivity is low for beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam antibiotics but higher for antiepileptic drugs.
  • Evidence for NSAIDs and paracetamol is limited, and methodological heterogeneity impacts interpretation.

Conclusions:

  • Patch testing (PT) can be a valuable complementary tool for diagnosing pediatric DHRs, aiding in culprit drug identification and cross-reactivity assessment.
  • Standardized protocols and prospective pediatric studies are needed to optimize the use of PT in this population.
  • PT's utility is drug-class dependent, requiring careful integration with clinical history and other diagnostic methods.