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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Ablation for Aldosterone-Producing versus Cortisol-Producing Adrenal Adenomas: A Comprehensive Review.

Byung Kwan Park1, Jae Hyeon Kim2, Young Lyun Oh3

  • 1Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology : JVIR
|June 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) effectively treats benign adrenal tumors like aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and cortisol-producing adenoma (CPA). This review clarifies RFA differences between APA and CPA for better clinical decisions.

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Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
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Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

Published on: March 12, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
04:33

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

Published on: March 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Interventional Radiology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a key treatment for functioning benign adrenal tumors in patients unsuitable for surgery.
  • Aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and cortisol-producing adenoma (CPA) are primary indications for RFA.
  • APA is more frequently treated with RFA than CPA in existing literature, leading to better-understood outcomes for APA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare clinical, pathological, radiological, RFA, and outcome differences between APA and CPA.
  • To address the lack of clarity regarding why APA is often preferred over CPA for RFA.
  • To enhance interventional radiologists' understanding of APA versus CPA in RFA.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review comparing APA and CPA based on clinical presentation.
  • Pathological characteristics of APA and CPA.
  • Radiological imaging features differentiating APA and CPA.
  • Analysis of RFA techniques and procedural outcomes for both adenoma types.

Main Results:

  • Detailed comparison of diagnostic criteria and treatment responses.
  • Highlighting specific RFA parameters and success rates for APA and CPA.
  • Identifying factors influencing RFA efficacy and patient outcomes for each tumor type.

Conclusions:

  • Significant differences exist between APA and CPA that impact RFA suitability and outcomes.
  • Further research is needed to optimize RFA protocols for CPA.
  • This review provides essential information for interventional radiologists managing these adrenal tumors.