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Green functionalization of nanocellulose from Getonia floribunda leaves with Rosmarinus officinalis extract for
P E Shameera1, P Dileep2, P Bashpa3
1Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous) Devagiri, (Affiliated to University of Calicut), Kozhikode, Kerala, 673008, India; Department of Chemistry, Blossom Arts and Science College, (Affiliated to University of Calicut), Valiya Paramba, Pulikkal, Malappuram, Kerala, 673637, India.
Abstract:
Nanocellulose (NC) is a sustainable, renewable, and biodegradable nanomaterial that can replace plastics and enhance products across industries. This study reports NC extraction from Getonia floribunda (GF) leaves (formerly Calycopteris floribunda) using standard methods, followed by green functionalization with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract (RE) to synthesize rosemary-functionalized nanocellulose (RNC). RE components were analyzed using UV-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR) spectroscopy techniques, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). NC and RNC were analyzed by FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and TG analysis. FTIR analysis showed rosemary phytochemicals are linked to NC through hydrogen bonding and physical adsorption, not covalent esterification. XRD results indicated decreased crystallinity in RNC, attributed to surface functionalization rather than crystalline core degradation, enhancing interfacial compatibility. RNC's improved thermal stability is attributed to phenolic and diterpene compounds from RE. The nanofibrillar structure in HRTEM boosts antibacterial efficacy by increasing surface area and access to bioactive sites. The maintained nanoscale structure enhances surface reactivity by exposing functional groups, supporting prolonged bactericidal activity. The absence of sodium in RNC's EDX spectrum confirms successful surface modification. RNC showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). RNC exhibits superior structural, thermal, and antibacterial properties compared to NC, and this environmentally friendly method yields a valuable biomaterial for packaging, biomedicine, and environmental remediation.
