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Predicting kinesiophobia in knee osteoarthritis: a head-to-head comparison between machine learning and traditional
Xintong Li1,2, Xiaoyu Huang2, Yabing Han3
1The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Background:
Although machine learning (ML) holds promise for improving clinical identification, its application to kinesiophobia in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and compare logistic regression (LR)-based nomograms with ML models to determine the optimal approach for identifying kinesiophobia status and guiding personalized interventions.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study enrolled 590 KOA patients from a tertiary hospital (June 2024 to July 2025) and randomly divided them into training (n = 413) and test (n = 177) sets in a 7:3 ratio. An interpretable LR-based nomogram was developed for assessing kinesiophobia status. Seven ML models (CatBoost, LightGBM, ML-LR, random forest, support vector machine [SVM], extreme gradient boosting, multilayer perceptron) were constructed to compare predictive performance. Models were evaluated via receiver operating characteristic curves with the area under the curve (AUC), calibration curves, and decision curve analysis; Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) was utilized to interpret the ML models.
Results:
No significant differences in baseline characteristics were found between the two sets. LR identified five key predictors: age, educational level, pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, and activity level. The nomogram demonstrated good discrimination (training AUC = 0.844; test AUC = 0.815). Among ML models, SVM exhibited a marginally higher test-set AUC (0.821). SHAP analysis confirmed pain intensity and pain catastrophizing as the strongest predictors in the SVM model.
Conclusions:
Among the evaluated ML models, no single model demonstrated universal superiority for classifying current kinesiophobia status in KOA. These models offer complementary strengths. SVM exhibited marginally higher predictive performance, warranting further exploration and potential integration into automated digital health platforms, whereas the LR-based nomogram performed comparably with favorable interpretability for rapid, transparent bedside assessment in primary care. Model selection should be guided by specific clinical contexts.