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Integrated Photoacoustic Ophthalmoscopy and Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography

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Dual-layer orthogonal acousto-optic sensor for alias-suppressed high-precision DOA sensing.

Xin Li, Cuicui Zhang, Zhenfei Gao

|June 11, 2026

Summary

A novel dual-layer orthogonal acousto-optic sensor (DLOA) overcomes limitations in high-frequency underwater direction-of-arrival (DOA) sensing. This technology achieves alias-suppressed and high-precision DOA estimation in challenging conditions.

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Area of Science:

Acousto-optics
Underwater acoustics
Signal processing

Background:

High-frequency underwater direction-of-arrival (DOA) sensing is vital for sonar applications.
Compact sensor limitations include spatial aliasing and reduced precision.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a dual-layer orthogonal acousto-optic sensor (DLOA) for alias-suppressed, high-precision DOA estimation.
To demonstrate the sensor's effectiveness in challenging underwater environments.

Main Methods:

Utilized six parallel laser beams for a non-contact orthogonal dual-baseline geometry.
Mapped 1D DOA to a 2D joint spatial-frequency domain to reject grating lobes.
Conducted numerical simulations and water-tank experiments.

Main Results:

Demonstrated broadband anti-aliasing performance from 20-80 kHz.
Achieved high-precision DOA sensing at 75 kHz with a 0.015° relative tracking RMSE.
Confirmed stable high-frequency undersampled DOA sensing under low SNR and shallow-water conditions.

Conclusions:

The DLOA sensor effectively suppresses spatial aliasing and enhances DOA estimation precision.
The proposed sensor shows robust performance in practical, complex underwater scenarios.
This technology advances capabilities in underwater target detection and localization.