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Related Concept Videos

Carrier-Mediated Transport01:06

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I01:22

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I

Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels01:09

Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels

In multi-pass transmembrane proteins, the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane more than once. The transmembrane polypeptide chain either forms an α-helix or β-strand structure. α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins are ubiquitous, whereas β-strand containing ones are mainly found in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins
Multi-pass transmembrane proteins such as G-protein-linked receptors (GPCRs) and...
Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters

Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited  but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct microscopic...

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Related Experiment Videos

Security-enhanced layered coding multiple access for heterogeneous QoS requirements in IMDD-PONs.

Jian Cheng, Bo Liu, Jianxin Ren

    Optics Express
    |June 11, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new layered coding multiple access (LCMA) scheme enhances passive optical networks (PONs) by improving receiver sensitivity and enabling flexible quality of service (QoS). This secure PDM-LCMA method offers robust performance for future high-capacity, flexible, and secure PON evolution.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Communications
    • Network Security
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Passive Optical Networks (PONs) are crucial for broadband access.
    • Existing Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) schemes face challenges with heterogeneous Quality of Service (QoS) and security.
    • Intensity Modulation Direct Detection (IMDD) systems require efficient multiple access schemes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and validate a secure Layered Coding Multiple Access (LCMA) scheme using Power Division Multiplexing (PDM) for IMDD-PONs.
    • To enhance system performance by deconstructing user data into shared and dedicated layers for flexible QoS.
    • To improve physical-layer security in PON systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a PDM-LCMA scheme for IMDD-PONs.
    • Implemented layered modulation by deconstructing heterogeneous user data.
    • Introduced a chaotic-driven dual-layer subcarrier scrambling mechanism for security.
    • Conducted experimental transmission over 25 km of Standard Single-Mode Fiber (SSMF) at 18.23 Gb/s.

    Main Results:

    • The PDM-LCMA scheme demonstrated robust performance over 25 km SSMF at 18.23 Gb/s.
    • Achieved significant improvements in average receiver sensitivity compared to conventional power-domain NOMA (3.5 dB and 2 dB at γ=2 and γ=3).
    • Maintained performance advantage even under high heterogeneity (γ=5) and succeeded where NOMA failed under similar QoS requirements.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed PDM-LCMA scheme offers superior performance and robustness for IMDD-PONs.
    • The scheme effectively supports differentiated QoS requirements and enhances physical-layer security.
    • This technology provides a viable path for future PON evolution, meeting demands for high capacity, service flexibility, and security.