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High-efficiency free-space optical communication link with refractive adaptive optics.

Antonio Vanzo, Lorenzo Borsoi, Luca Massaro

    Optics Express
    |June 11, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study presents a novel adaptive optics receiver that corrects beam wandering and aberrations in free-space optical communication. The refractive system significantly improves signal quality and fiber coupling efficiency for secure quantum key distribution.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Free-Space Optics
    • Adaptive Optics

    Background:

    • Free-space optical communication links suffer from beam wandering and turbulence, degrading wavefront quality and fiber coupling.
    • Current systems mitigate scintillation by over-illuminating the receiver, leading to signal loss.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate the feasibility of a fully refractive adaptive optics receiver for dynamic correction of beam wandering and wavefront aberrations.
    • To enhance compactness and efficiency in free-space optical communication systems.

    Main Methods:

    • A laboratory test replicated a 270-meter ground-to-ground quantum key distribution link.
    • Beam wandering was simulated using a fast-steering mirror; high-order aberrations were introduced by a Deformable Mirror.
    • Fast steering prisms corrected beam wandering and tip-tilt errors; a multi-actuator lens corrected high-order aberrations.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved an average improvement in the Strehl ratio of up to 87%.
    • Demonstrated an average single-mode fiber coupling efficiency improvement of up to 36%.
    • Preserved all transmitted light, indicating high system efficiency.

    Conclusions:

    • The fully refractive adaptive optics receiver design is feasible and effective.
    • This compact system offers significant improvements in optical communication link performance.
    • The technology holds promise for enhancing quantum key distribution and other free-space optical applications.