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Copper-Regulated Modulation of the MdbZIP11-MdHAT5 Transcriptional Module Enhances ABA-Mediated Immunity in Apple.

Hongjia Yu^1,2, Zhouzheng Yang^1,2, Hanqi Zhou^1,2

¹State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.

Molecular Plant Pathology

|June 11, 2026

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The fungi effector VmRnt2 from <i>Valsa mali</i> modulates host transcription factor to suppress immunity in apple.

Horticulture research·2026

A bacterial effector protein in apple leaves reduces copper, activating transcription factor MdbZIP11. This triggers abscisic acid (ABA) immune responses, enhancing plant disease resistance.

Area of Science:

Plant pathology
Molecular biology
Plant immunity

Background:

Hormonal signaling integrates with transcription factors for plant immunity.
Mechanisms of signal activation in perennial fruit crops are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate how external signals activate regulatory modules in apple (Malus domestica).
Elucidate the role of SyCD1 effector protein in plant defense.

Main Methods:

Investigated SyCD1 effector protein activity in apple leaf cells.
Analyzed MdbZIP11 transcription factor activation and ABA biosynthesis.
Performed genetic epistasis analysis to confirm gene interactions.

Main Results:

Keywords:

Valsa mali ABA signalling apple (Malus domestica)bZIP–HD‐ZIP transcriptional module copper‐responsive

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SyCD1 reduces copper levels, relieving repression of MdbZIP11.

MdbZIP11 interacts with MdSnRK2A, leading to ABA-mediated immune responses.

MdbZIP11 activates MdHAT5, which is essential for ABA accumulation and disease resistance.

Conclusions:

Discovered a bZIP-HD-ZIP transcription factor relay amplifying ABA signaling in apple.
Established a framework for hormone-guided disease resistance in perennial fruit crops.