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Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...

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In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

Efficient access authentication for quantum communication network with digital certificates.

Min Wang¹, Jianxing Guo¹, Wei Zhang¹

¹Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.

Fundamental Research

|June 11, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a post-quantum digital certificate scheme for secure quantum communication networks. The proposed method experimentally verifies signatures in quantum states for robust access authentication.

Keywords:

Access authentication Digital certificate Post-quantum cryptography Quantum communication Quantum network

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

Quantum communication networks
Cybersecurity
Post-quantum cryptography

Background:

Digital certificates are crucial for secure communication access authentication.
Existing methods face threats from quantum computing.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing post-quantum standards.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and experimentally demonstrate a post-quantum digital certificate-based access authentication scheme.
To secure quantum communication networks against future quantum threats.
To integrate post-quantum cryptography into quantum communication infrastructure.

Main Methods:

Implementation of a digital certificate scheme using post-quantum standards.
Experimental verification of signatures encoded in quantum states.
Utilizing a quantum secure direct communication network setup.

Main Results:

Successful secure access authentication of a quantum channel was demonstrated.
The scheme relies solely on a post-quantum digital signature algorithm.
The experiment validates the feasibility of the proposed authentication method.

Conclusions:

The proposed post-quantum digital certificate scheme provides efficient and secure access authentication for quantum networks.
Experimental validation confirms the scheme's effectiveness in a quantum secure direct communication network.
The approach paves the way for large-scale, secure quantum communication networks with secure relays.