Environmental factors influencing the development of elite athletes: a systematic review

Elite athletes play a vital role in achieving success in competitive sports and have been a significant focus for researchers and coaches alike. To improve the development of elite athletes, this study systematically reviews the environmental factors that influence their growth. This study conducted a thorough search of the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and SportDiscus databases, screening the literature in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Ultimately, we identified 15 studies that met our inclusion criteria. The results categorize the influencing factors into four main areas: human resources, family dynamics, team dynamics, and the broader social environment. Notably, the quality of coaching has a considerable impact on the effectiveness of training for elite athletes. The methods of communication used by coaches greatly influence how athletes acquire and develop their skills. Parental support and understanding are also crucial, as they provide the emotional encouragement that elite athletes need. A positive family atmosphere surrounding sports can effectively motivate children to participate in athletic activities. Additionally, a strong bond among teammates creates a supportive team environment, helping elite athletes face challenges with increased confidence. Furthermore, socio-economic factors and social policies significantly affect the training experiences of elite athletes. This study enhances our understanding of the key characteristics that influence the development of elite athletes and emphasizes the essential environmental factors that support their growth.