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Regulated mRNA Transport

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...

Regulated mRNA Transport

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA

Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA

Published on: February 1, 2019

Entry Without Expression: Internalisation Does Not Predict mRNA Translation for Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles.

Cameron H Smyth¹, Lara M Mollé¹, Victoria McLeod¹

¹Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Victoria Australia.

|June 11, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Antibody-functionalized lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) can target cells, but internalisation doesn't guarantee mRNA delivery. Successful delivery depends on receptor-specific intracellular trafficking for mRNA release and translation.

Keywords:

endosomal escape flow cytometry internalisation lipid nanoparticles nucleic acid delivery

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Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells

Published on: December 17, 2012

Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Immunology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are key for mRNA therapeutics and vaccines.
Current LNPs use non-specific uptake, leading to inefficient delivery and off-target effects.
Antibody-guided targeting can improve LNP accumulation in specific cells.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a method for quantifying LNP/mRNA internalisation and delivery efficiency in human T and B cells.
To investigate the impact of targeting specific cell receptors on LNP delivery.
To determine if LNP internalisation correlates with successful mRNA delivery and translation.

Main Methods:

Functionalised LNPs with antibodies targeting various T and B cell receptors.
Quantified LNP internalisation and mRNA delivery efficiency in primary human T and B cells.
Assessed cytosolic mRNA release and translation post-internalisation.

Main Results:

Targeting LNPs to specific receptors improved delivery to T and B cells.
LNP internalisation efficiency did not always predict successful mRNA delivery.
Certain receptor-mediated pathways facilitated better post-internalisation trafficking for mRNA release.

Conclusions:

Receptor-mediated internalisation enhances targeted LNP delivery.
Post-internalisation trafficking is crucial for successful mRNA delivery from LNPs.
Optimising LNP design requires considering both cell entry and intracellular fate.