Beyond gluten-free diet: Novel therapeutic frontiers in celiac disease armamentarium

Celiac disease is a chronic, immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by dietary gluten ingestion in a genetically susceptible individual. While a strict gluten-free diet remains the most effective treatment, many patients face persistent challenges, including inadvertent gluten exposure, difficulties in long-term adherence, and incomplete mucosal recovery despite clinical or serological remission. This article briefly outlines the pathophysiological basis of celiac disease and highlights the limitations of current monitoring approaches based on symptoms and serology. It also discusses the recent advancements in biomarker-based monitoring and explores novel therapeutic options that target key immunological and molecular pathways, offering promise as adjuncts or potential alternatives to the traditional gluten-free diet.