Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Survival Outcomes in the Central Region of Saudi Arabia

Globally, breast cancer (BC) stands as the most common malignancy, predominantly affecting women, with observed trends of increasing incidence and mortality. Data concerning the survival of BC patients in Saudi Arabia (SA) is notably scarce. This study aims to pinpoint the specific factors that impact the survival rate (SR) among breast cancer patients in Saudi Arabia's central region.

This retrospective study analyzed data from 1405 breast cancer patients documented in the King Abdulaziz Medical City Cancer Registry from 2009 to 2018. The collected patient information included sociodemographic details and comprehensive tumor characteristics such as its location, histopathology, molecular subtypes, disease stage, and ultimate survival outcomes. To assess the relationship between these factors and patient survival, survival analyses were performed, incorporating Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models, which were adjusted for potential confounding variables.

Patients of older age (over 60 years) demonstrated a higher mortality risk from breast cancer. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the most frequently observed histopathologic subtype; however, invasive lobular carcinoma was linked to an elevated death risk. Adjusted Hazard Ratios from Cox regression indicated that BC patients with metastasis were six times (AHR=6.3; 95%CI=4.6-8.7, p<0.001) more likely to face a higher death risk compared to those with localized or regional tumors. Furthermore, patients diagnosed with triple-negative tumors were associated with twice the risk of death compared to other subtypes (AHR=2.1; 95%CI=1.4-2.9, p<0.001).

Both patient age and the presence of distant cancer spread are critical predictors of survival for breast cancer patients residing in central Saudi Arabia. Emphasizing early diagnosis, timely treatment, and consistent follow-up is essential for enhancing patient outcomes.