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Natural commensal microbes induce internal hatching in C. elegans.

Nora M Villafuerte1, Emma N Stevens1, Mina A Sheikh1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.

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|June 11, 2026
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Summary

Commensal bacteria can induce internal egg hatching in the nematode C. elegans, extending its reproductive window. These microbiome effects involve distinct host insulin signaling pathways, influencing life-history plasticity.

Keywords:
Caenorhabditis elegans microbiomefacultative viviparityinsulin/IGF-1 signaling pathwaymicrobe–host interactionreproductive plasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The microbiome plays a crucial role in host life-history trait plasticity.
  • Internal egg hatching (facultative vivipary) is a stress-adaptive reproductive strategy in C. elegans, typically associated with starvation or pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how naturally associated bacterial strains influence internal egg hatching in C. elegans.
  • To elucidate the host endocrine pathways involved in mediating these microbiome-induced reproductive changes.

Main Methods:

  • C. elegans were cultured on various naturally associated bacterial strains.
  • Internal egg hatching rates, reproductive window, progeny, and lifespan were quantified.
  • Genetic analyses were performed to identify host genes and pathways involved, focusing on the insulin signaling pathway (e.g., DAF-16/FOXO).

Main Results:

  • Four specific bacterial strains (Ochrobactrum BH3, Lelliottia JUb66, Pantoea BIGb0393, Enterobacter CEent1) induced high levels of internal hatching (28-57%) in late-adult C. elegans, unlike control E. coli OP50 (<5%).
  • These bacteria extended the reproductive window, with trends toward reduced progeny and lifespan.
  • Bacterial strain BH3 acted via DAF-16/FOXO, while the other three γ-proteobacterial strains acted independently of DAF-16, indicating differential pathway engagement.

Conclusions:

  • Naturally associated microbiome members can differentially modulate host endocrine signaling to shape reproductive outcomes.
  • Microbial cues can influence life-history plasticity by interacting with conserved host pathways like insulin signaling.
  • These findings highlight the potential of leveraging microbiomes to influence host reproductive strategies and life-history traits.