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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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Thinking longer versus thinking better: Deliberation versus association.

Henry Markovits1, Elyse Bergeron2, Emilie Gagnon-St-Pierre2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Université du Québec À Montréal, C.P. 8888, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada. henrymarkovits@gmail.com.

Memory & Cognition
|June 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

More time in reasoning tasks enhances logical thinking but also boosts reliance on semantic and contextual cues. This suggests increased processing time impacts both deliberate and associative cognitive processes.

Keywords:
AssociationDeliberationReasoning

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Decision Making
  • Human Reasoning

Background:

  • Dual-process theories posit that more time favors rule-based reasoning.
  • However, extended time might also amplify semantic and contextual influences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how increased processing time affects reasoning, considering both deliberative engagement and associative activation.
  • To examine the dual impact of time on logical coherence and heuristic-based responses.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted with 200 participants each.
  • Participants evaluated categorical syllogisms and base-rate problems under time pressure versus unlimited time.

Main Results:

  • Increased time improved normative responding in syllogisms but also increased alternative generation.
  • For base-rate problems, additional time decreased normative responding, particularly on conflict problems, indicating greater influence of stereotypes.
  • Individual differences in logical coherence moderated the negative impact of time.

Conclusions:

  • Increased processing time has a dual effect, enhancing deliberation while simultaneously strengthening associative influences.
  • Reasoning outcomes are complexly determined by time, task type, and individual cognitive styles.