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Related Concept Videos

Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers
11:50

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Published on: August 3, 2014

Integrating indirect greenhouse gases into climate frameworks.

Ilissa Ocko1, Jean-Francois Lamarque2, Jonathan M Moch3

  • 1Spark Climate Solutions, Covina, CA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Certain substances have minor direct climate impacts but initiate chemical reactions that contribute to global warming. Understanding these indirect effects is crucial for climate change mitigation strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric chemistry
  • Climate science

Background:

  • The direct radiative forcing of certain atmospheric substances is minimal.
  • These substances are known to participate in complex atmospheric chemical cycles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the indirect climate effects of specific substances.
  • To elucidate the chemical pathways leading to warming induced by these compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical transport modeling
  • Analysis of atmospheric reaction mechanisms

Main Results:

  • These substances exhibit negligible direct climate effects.
  • Key chemical reactions initiated by these substances were identified as drivers of atmospheric warming.

Conclusions:

  • Indirect chemical pathways significantly contribute to the warming potential of these substances.
  • Mitigation strategies should consider the chemical reactivity of substances, not just their direct radiative impact.