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Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Metabolic Rate

The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) measures the energy expended at rest.
Several factors influence the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures
06:53

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures

Published on: November 11, 2016

The placental metabolic clock.

Kiyoshi Yoshioka1,2, Shin-Ichiro Imai1,3,4

  • 1Institute for Research on Productive Aging (IRPA), Tokyo, Japan.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) depletion acts as a biological clock, signaling impending birth in mice. This discovery reveals a novel mechanism linking metabolic state to reproductive timing.

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Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model
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Published on: June 18, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Developmental Biology
  • Reproductive Science

Background:

  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a vital coenzyme involved in numerous metabolic processes.
  • Cellular NAD+ levels fluctuate and are critical for various physiological functions.
  • The precise role of NAD+ dynamics in the timing of parturition remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of NAD+ depletion in triggering the final stages of pregnancy in mice.
  • To determine if NAD+ levels serve as a countdown mechanism to birth.

Main Methods:

  • Monitoring NAD+ levels in maternal and fetal tissues throughout late-term pregnancy.
  • Utilizing genetic and pharmacological methods to manipulate NAD+ levels.
  • Observing the impact of NAD+ modulation on the timing of parturition.

Main Results:

  • Significant depletion of NAD+ was observed in specific maternal and fetal tissues preceding birth.
  • Experimental NAD+ depletion accelerated the onset of labor.
  • Restoration of NAD+ levels delayed parturition.

Conclusions:

  • NAD+ depletion acts as a critical trigger for initiating parturition in mice.
  • Maternal and fetal NAD+ levels are key regulators of birth timing.
  • This finding opens new avenues for understanding and potentially managing reproductive timing.