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Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

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The Short Executive Function Scale: Psychometric properties and normative data in a U.S. population sample.

Justin E Karr¹, Tessa R Fagle¹

¹Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : the Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists

|June 11, 2026

Summary

The Short Executive Function Scale (SEFS) reliably measures executive functions like planning and working memory. SEFS scores were not significantly related to demographics but showed notable differences in individuals with mental health conditions.

Keywords:

behavior rating scale executive function psychological tests psychometrics self-report

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

Executive functions are crucial cognitive processes.
Self-report questionnaires offer ecologically valid insights into executive functions.
The Short Executive Function Scale (SEFS) is a new 15-item measure assessing Planning, Inhibition, Working Memory, Shifting, and Emotional Control.

Purpose of the Study:

To validate the psychometric properties of the SEFS.
To confirm the proposed five-factor structure of the SEFS.
To establish normative reference data for the SEFS in the general U.S. population.

Main Methods:

747 U.S. adults were recruited online.
Participants completed the 15-item SEFS.
Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analyses were conducted.
SEFS scores were analyzed against sociodemographic variables and mental health screening results.

Main Results:

The SEFS five-factor model demonstrated adequate fit (CFI=0.913, RMSEA=0.086).
All SEFS scales and the total score exhibited acceptable reliability (omega coefficients ranging from 0.67 to 0.82).
Sociodemographic variables showed minimal association with SEFS scores.
Significant medium-to-large differences in SEFS scores were observed between individuals with and without mental health condition screens (d range: 0.50–2.13).

Conclusions:

The SEFS is a psychometrically sound measure for assessing self-reported executive functions in the general U.S. population.
The study provides normative data for interpreting SEFS scores.
The SEFS is a practical tool for researchers and clinicians to evaluate executive functions, particularly noting its sensitivity to mental health status.