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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Species01:31

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.Allopatric SpeciationIn allopatric speciation, gene flow between two populations of the same species is prevented by a geographic barrier, like...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...
Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
Meiosis II01:57

Meiosis II

Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each containing...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:54

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 15, 2018

Catching waves of polyploids.

Jeff J Doyle1

  • 1Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Cell
|June 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Whole-genome duplication events in flowering plants occurred in non-random waves. These polyploidy events were linked to climate shifts and periods of low diversity, shaping plant evolution.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

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07:27

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics
  • Paleoclimatology

Background:

  • Whole-genome duplication (polyploidy) is a major evolutionary mechanism in plants.
  • Understanding the timing and drivers of polyploidy is crucial for plant evolutionary history.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map ancient whole-genome duplication events in angiosperm genomes.
  • To investigate the relationship between polyploidy and environmental factors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of angiosperm genome data.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to identify duplication events.
  • Correlation analysis with paleoclimatic data.

Main Results:

  • Identified non-random, episodic waves of polyploidy across angiosperm evolution.
  • Polyploidy events significantly correlated with periods of climatic shifts.
  • Polyploidy waves also coincided with intervals of low plant diversity.

Conclusions:

  • Polyploidy establishment in plants is not random but influenced by external factors.
  • Environmental stress, such as climatic shifts, may have promoted polyploid establishment.
  • Polyploidy has played a significant role in shaping plant evolution through multiple global events.