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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps01:07

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
A household refrigerator removes heat from the...
Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
Assessing Body Temperature - Oral01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Oral

Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
Step 1:
Start by practicing proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
Step 2:
Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
Step 3:
Gently slide the probe cover until a click is heard. This simple action prevents cross-contamination and ensures the correct placement of the probe cover.
Step 4:
Instruct the patient to open their mouth and place...

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Temperature Profiling of Household Refrigerators in Scotland Using a Citizen Science Approach.

Louise Crozier1, Rebecca Callaby1, Alicia Campion1

  • 1Food Standards Scotland, Pilgrim House, Old Ford Road, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.

Journal of Food Protection
|June 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most domestic refrigerators in Scotland are too warm, increasing foodborne illness risk. Monitoring fridge temperatures and using alarms can help maintain safe food storage, ensuring optimal food safety at home.

Keywords:
Citizen ScienceConsumersDomestic refrigeratorsFood SafetyRefrigerationTemperature

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Area of Science:

  • Food Safety
  • Consumer Science
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Domestic refrigerator temperature is critical for food preservation and preventing foodborne illnesses.
  • Many consumers do not routinely monitor refrigerator temperatures, potentially leading to unsafe storage conditions.
  • Previous studies have indicated suboptimal refrigerator temperatures in households.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess domestic refrigerator temperatures in Scottish households using a citizen science approach.
  • To identify factors influencing refrigerator temperature, including shelf location, refrigerator type, and household characteristics.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of temperature alarms in maintaining recommended refrigerator temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • A citizen science survey involving 361 Scottish households.
  • Use of temperature data loggers placed on top and bottom shelves of domestic refrigerators.
  • Analysis of refrigerator temperature data in relation to refrigerator type, age, household size, and presence of temperature alarms.

Main Results:

  • The mean refrigerator temperature was 5.17°C, with 55.4% of fridges operating above the recommended 0-5°C range.
  • Top shelves were significantly warmer (5.89°C) than bottom shelves (4.45°C).
  • American-style/larder and free-standing refrigerators maintained lower temperatures; temperature alarms were associated with significantly lower temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • A significant proportion of domestic refrigerators in Scotland operate at temperatures that increase the risk of foodborne illness.
  • Refrigerator type and the presence of temperature alarms are key factors influencing temperature control.
  • Increased consumer awareness and the use of temperature monitoring features are recommended to improve food safety.