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Related Concept Videos

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Motion of a Projectile

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Propensity Matched Professional Baseball Pitchers With Early Trunk Rotation Demonstrate Increased Shoulder and Elbow

Joseph Manzi1, Morgan Dillon2, Brittany Dowling3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY.

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
|June 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Professional baseball pitchers initiating trunk rotation before foot contact show altered throwing arm kinetics and mechanics, suggesting compensatory movements. This early trunk rotation may pose a mechanical disadvantage to the throwing arm despite similar ball velocities.

Keywords:
Trunk initiationbaseballmotion-capturepitching biomechanics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics of pitching
  • Sports injury prevention
  • Professional baseball performance analysis

Background:

  • Previous studies indicate improved throwing arm kinetics in pitchers with delayed trunk rotation.
  • Understanding trunk rotation timing is crucial for pitching mechanics and injury risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare throwing arm kinetics and ball velocity between professional pitchers based on trunk rotation timing relative to foot contact.
  • Investigate the biomechanical differences between early and late trunk rotation initiation in a homogenous cohort.

Main Methods:

  • 339 professional pitchers underwent 3D motion capture during fastball pitching.
  • Pitchers were categorized as initiating trunk rotation before (EARLY) or after (LATE) foot contact (FC).
  • EARLY pitchers were propensity matched 4:1 to LATE pitchers for kinematic and kinetic analysis.

Main Results:

  • EARLY pitchers exhibited longer strides, more open pelvis, and greater shoulder external rotation at foot contact.
  • EARLY pitchers demonstrated increased normalized elbow and shoulder distractive forces, with lower peak pelvic rotation velocity.
  • Ball velocity did not significantly differ between EARLY and LATE groups; injury prevalence was similar.

Conclusions:

  • Early trunk rotation initiation is associated with increased throwing arm stress and altered pitching mechanics.
  • Pitchers initiating trunk rotation before foot contact may employ compensatory movements to maintain ball velocity.
  • Coaches and pitchers should consider the potential mechanical disadvantages of early trunk rotation timing.