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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
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Modular cytokinin evolution: Integrating heat stress and development during terrestrialization.

Pei-Wen Wang1, Huan-Chi Tien2, Chia-Yi Cheng1

  • 1Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.

Trends in Plant Science
|June 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant cytokinin signaling evolved from a developmental role to integrate terrestrial adaptation. This modular system, refined over time, enabled plants to adapt to diverse environments, supporting complex vascular plant architectures.

Keywords:
cytokinin signaling componentsevo-devo-physioheat stressland plant evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Signaling

Background:

  • Cytokinin signaling was traditionally viewed as a plant developmental regulator.
  • Recent evidence highlights its crucial role in plant terrestrial adaptation.
  • Understanding the evolution of cytokinin signaling is key to plant survival strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary assembly of the cytokinin signaling phosphorelay.
  • To explore lineage-specific shifts in cytokinin usage and downstream responses.
  • To elucidate how cytokinin signaling facilitated plant adaptation to land.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics and structural phylogenetics were employed.
  • Analysis of receptor domain diversification and downstream executor conservation.
  • Cross-lineage transcriptomic comparisons under heat stress.

Main Results:

  • The phosphorelay pathway assembled stepwise, with receptor domains diversifying.
  • Early lineages used cis-zeatin, while vascular plants shifted to trans-zeatin dominance.
  • Heat stress revealed conserved growth repression but divergent metabolic strategies (osmoprotection vs. redox/transport).

Conclusions:

  • Cytokinin signaling provides a modular framework for environmental buffering.
  • Evolutionary refinement of this pathway supported the development of vascular plants.
  • This signaling system is central to integrating plant adaptation to terrestrial life.