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Shock Waves

Shock Waves

While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high pressures...

Elastic Collisions: Case Study

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Elastic collision of a system demands conservation of both momentum and kinetic energy. To solve problems involving one-dimensional elastic collisions between two objects, the equations for conservation of momentum and conservation of internal kinetic energy can be used. For the two objects, the sum of momentum before the collision equals the total momentum after the collision. An elastic collision conserves internal kinetic energy, and so the sum of kinetic energies before the collision equals...

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...

Elastic Collisions: Introduction

Elastic Collisions: Introduction

An elastic collision is one that conserves both internal kinetic energy and momentum. Internal kinetic energy is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in a system. Truly elastic collisions can only be achieved with subatomic particles, such as electrons striking nuclei. Macroscopic collisions can be very nearly, but not quite, elastic, as some kinetic energy is always converted into other forms of energy such as heat transfer due to friction and sound. An example of a nearly...

Types of Collisions - II

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When two or more objects collide with each other, they can stick together to form one single composite object (after collision). The total mass of the object after the collision is the sum of the masses of the original objects, and it moves with a velocity dictated by the conservation of momentum. Although the system's total momentum remains constant, the kinetic energy decreases, and thus such a collision is an inelastic collision. Most of the collisions between objects in daily life are...

Impact

Impact

Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Low-intensity Blast Wave Model for Preclinical Assessment of Closed-head Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rodents

Low-intensity Blast Wave Model for Preclinical Assessment of Closed-head Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rodents

Published on: November 6, 2020

Colliding micro-shock waves.

Lars Jepsen¹, Walter Garen², Ulrich Teubner^3,4

¹Institute for Laser and Optics, University of Applied Sciences Emden-Leer, Constantiaplatz 4, 26723, Emden, Germany. lars.jepsen@hs-emden-leer.de.

Scientific Reports

|June 11, 2026

Summary

This study explores micro-shock waves in tiny tubes, revealing new insights into their behavior during collisions. This research advances understanding of supersonic flows in microfluidics and shock wave physics.

Keywords:

Boundary layer Colliding shocks Hot flow Laser induced shocks Shock probing Shock reflection Shock tube Shock waves

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

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Area of Science:

Physics
Fluid Dynamics
Microfluidics

Background:

Shock waves are supersonic disturbances crucial in science and engineering.
Macroscopic shock wave theory is established, but micro-shock waves in micrometer capillaries are under-explored.
Microfluidic devices and high-repetition-rate lasers involve micro-shock wave physics.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally investigate the collision of shock waves in micro-capillaries.
To explore unsteady shock wave collisions, a poorly understood phenomenon.
To characterize the post-shock region in micro-scale flows.

Main Methods:

Novel experimental investigations of shock wave collisions.
Utilizing both steady and unsteady drivers for shock wave generation.
Experiments conducted in micro-capillaries with micrometer diameters.

Main Results:

Presents novel experimental data on micro-shock wave collisions.
Provides insights into the physics of unsteady shock wave interactions.
Contributes to the characterization of the post-shock region in microfluidic systems.

Conclusions:

This research is fundamental for shock wave physics, especially concerning unsteady collisions.
Advances the understanding of supersonic flows at the microscale.
Relevant for applications in microfluidics and high-repetition-rate laser systems.